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descriptive statistics
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Where should histogram bin edges go when your data are rounded?
When values are recorded to a fixed unit, put histogram bin edges halfway between the possible values. Here is why, and how counts differ.
Read the answer →Standard error vs standard deviation: what is the difference?
The SD describes how individual values vary; the standard error describes how a sample mean varies. How to tell which one you need, totals included.
Read the answer →Log-transforming data: when it helps, and what it changes
Logs turn multiplicative, right-skewed data into additive, roughly symmetric data. Here is when that helps and how results translate back.
Read the answer →How do you normalize data to a 0-1 range?
Min-max scaling rescales any set of numbers so the smallest value becomes 0 and the largest becomes 1, using one formula.
Read the answer →What does kurtosis actually tell you about your data?
Kurtosis describes how heavy a distribution's tails are, not how peaked it is. Here is how to read it, in plain language.
Read the answer →Why does standard deviation square the differences?
Squaring deviations makes variances add up, ties into least squares and the normal distribution, and keeps the math clean.
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